Kampala’s Boda-Bodas: A Lifeline in a Chaotic City

In the scorching morning heat of Kampala, young men on motorcycles spring into action at the sight of a potential passenger, competing fiercely for business. For many in Uganda’s capital, this scene is a daily struggle for survival, highlighting both the economic desperation and the chaotic nature of the city’s transport system.

Motorcycle taxis, known locally as boda-bodas, have surged in number across East Africa, but nowhere more dramatically than in Kampala. With an estimated 350,000 boda-bodas operating in a city of 3 million, these vehicles fill a crucial transport gap in the absence of a mass transit system and amid high unemployment.

Boda-boda drivers, who come from various parts of Uganda, often have no other job prospects. “We just do this because we have nothing else,” says Zubairi Idi Nyakuni, a driver who, despite holding advanced degrees, struggles with job scarcity.

The boda-boda sector is largely unregulated, and attempts to control it have faced resistance from drivers and frustration from city authorities. The influx of young, unemployed men seeking income has made it difficult for the government to enforce regulations without provoking unrest.

Charles M. Mpagi of Tugende, a company that finances boda-boda purchases, notes the lack of alternative opportunities for Uganda’s youth, who make up about 76% of the population. Unemployment has risen from 9% in 2019 to 12% in 2021, with youth unemployment even higher.

President Yoweri Museveni has historically supported boda-boda drivers as political allies, leveraging their visibility and influence. The term “boda-boda” originated from the 1970s when drivers transported smugglers across borders.

Today, boda-bodas are essential for daily tasks, from school runs to medical emergencies. However, they are also linked to crime and accidents. The number of fatal motorcycle accidents in Uganda rose from 621 in 2014 to 1,404 in 2021.

Despite ongoing efforts to regulate the sector, enforcement is challenging due to the sheer number of boda-bodas and their drivers’ non-compliance with traffic laws. Efforts to establish official stands and improve road safety have had limited success.

Recent policy changes, including a reduction in the licensing fee from nearly $100 to about $35, aim to make it easier to join the industry. With new motorcycles costing around $1,500, many drivers acquire them on credit or through bulk purchase schemes. The high cost and pressure to maintain their bikes create financial strain, often leaving drivers like Innocent Awita struggling to make ends meet.

Awita, who dropped out of school in 2008, faces daily pressure to pay for his bike and cover operational costs. “Sometimes I work for days without earning enough, but if I get something, it can save my life,” he says.

In Kampala, boda-bodas are both a lifeline and a symbol of the city’s complex challenges, embodying the intersection of economic necessity and urban disorder.